福州市地表温度热点及时空变化分析     

陈冰倩  张友水  程璟媛  赵雪 《地球信息科学学报》2019,21(5):710-719

中国作为世界第一大发展中国家,近年来城镇化发展迅速,大量自然地表转化为人工地表,从而引起了一系列环境问题,其中以城市热岛问题最为显著。因此如何缓解因城市化进程的加快引起的城市热岛效应已成为热门研究方向。为精确分析城市空间格局对热集聚的影响,本研究利用2000年5月4日的Landsat ETM+和2016年7月27日获取的Landsat OLI两期遥感影像,获取福州市的土地覆盖信息并进行精度验证。在地表温度（Land Surface Temperature, LST）反演基础上通过热点分析（Getis-Ord Gi*）,并结合不透水面（Impervious Surface Area, ISA）信息来研究城市化进程中福州市16 年来 LST的变化特性,空间集聚特性及其产生的尺度效应。热点分析结果显示：① 通过分析福州市内各地和热点中心的距离与LST的关系可较好地反映空间热聚集。2000 年在距热点中心0.97、1.03、0.95 km范围内热聚集明显;2016 年则增长到分别在距热点中心半径1.89、2.01、2.10、2.05、2.13 km范围内热集聚显著且热点区数量也从3 个增加至5 个。热集聚区（热点区和较热区）总面积在此期间从15.7%增至47.3%;② 由于热点图中的热点区和冷点区的形成不单取决于LST的高低,因此热点分析与空间自相关分析方法相比,能更直观地分析土地覆盖变化对LST的影响,了解城市内部热强度变化的细节。本研究采用的热点分析方法可用于城市环境保护与规划,将来还可作为城市土地规划与热环境影响的分析依据。同时可利用热点分析图模拟城市微气候,估算城市绿地降温程度等。此外,未来还可基于此进一步探讨更多时相以及不同城市的对比分析,特别是对不同城市类型如带状城市,多中心城市及中心城市等的研究。  相似文献   

Remote sensing of water depths in shallow waters via artificial neural networks     

Özçelik Ceyhun  Arısoy Yalçın 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

Determination of the water depths in coastal zones is a common requirement for the majority of coastal engineering and coastal science applications. However, production of high quality bathymetric maps requires expensive field survey, high technology equipment and expert personnel. Remotely sensed images can be conveniently used to reduce the cost and labor needed for bathymetric measurements and to overcome the difficulties in spatial and temporal depth provision. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methodology is introduced in this study to derive bathymetric maps in shallow waters via remote sensing images and sample depth measurements. This methodology provides fast and practical solution for depth estimation in shallow waters, coupling temporal and spatial capabilities of remote sensing imagery with modeling flexibility of ANN. Its main advantage in practice is that it enables to directly use image reflectance values in depth estimations, without refining depth-caused scatterings from other environmental factors (e.g. bottom material and vegetation). Its function-free structure allows evaluating nonlinear relationships between multi-band images and in-situ depth measurements, therefore leads more reliable depth estimations than classical regressive approaches. The west coast of the Foca, Izmir/Turkey was used as a test bed. Aster first three band images and Quickbird pan-sharpened images were used to derive ANN based bathymetric maps of this study area. In-situ depth measurements were supplied from the General Command of Mapping, Turkey (HGK). Two models were set, one for Aster and one for Quickbird image inputs. Bathymetric maps relying solely on in-situ depth measurements were used to evaluate resultant derived bathymetric maps. The efficiency of the methodology was discussed at the end of the paper. It is concluded that the proposed methodology could decrease spatial and repetitive depth measurement requirements in bathymetric mapping especially for preliminary engineering application.  相似文献   

Spatialising the Melanesian Canarium industry: Understanding economic upgrading in an emerging industry among three Pacific small island states     

《Geoforum》2016

This paper examines economic upgrading in the Canarium indicum (Canarium) nut industry in Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. Canarium is a tree that is indigenous to Melanesia, and has been the subject of several commercialisation attempts since 1988. The paper assesses the outcomes to various actors in the Canarium supply chain from attempts to upgrade industry products and processes by: (1) increasing the available resource in suitable locations; (2) improving nut products and processing techniques; (3) increasing actors’ knowledge and supply chain coordination; and (4) establishing product standards. A two-phase data generation process was implemented. Document analysis and participant observations of industry workshops initiated a set of four economic upgrading interventions that were adaptively implemented. A second stage of workshops and 76 interviews enabled outcomes to be assessed at the project’s end. Findings suggest that a small number of urban-based entrepreneurs benefit and subsequently are lead actors in industry development, but at the expense of benefits being distributed to a larger, more spatially disparate group of smallholder and small commercial growers. These economic upgrading outcomes are circumscribed by core-periphery relations in Pacific small island states and the scale of industry in each country. Thus, spatial inequalities are reproduced through the emerging Canarium industries. We argue that different routes to industry development are required in each country. Development initiatives that capitalise on the benefits of micro-enterprise clusters, joint action and regional institutional arrangements are proposed to overcome the impediments imposed by the particular geographies of Pacific island states.  相似文献   

云南铜厂沟Cu-Mo多金属矿花岗闪长斑岩地球化学特征及其矿床成因     

彦廷龙 《地质与勘探》2016,52(6):1065-1075

铜厂沟铜钼多金属矿位于云南格咱岛弧成矿带的南延部分,是近几年成矿带内新发现的铜钼多金属矿床。区内的花岗闪长斑岩地球化学特征研究结果显示,SiO_2含量是63.02%~69.60%,铝饱和指数A/CNK值为0.65~1.05,属于准铝质-弱过铝质,全碱(K_2O+Na_2O)含量为6.19%~9.11%,相比中酸性岩石碱度较高。岩石中的轻稀土比较富集(LREE/HREE=15.48~21.15),轻重稀土分馏明显(La_N/Yb_N=30.44~38.66),δEu无明显异常,δCe弱负异常说明成矿作用是在氧化环境下进行。富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),相对亏损高场强元素(HFSE),指示岩石是与碰撞造山作用相关的花岗岩系列。从格咱岛弧北部的休瓦促向南到达铜厂沟,区内发育的燕山期酸性岩带呈NS向展布,向南侧伏,出露面积逐渐变小,剥蚀深度变浅。酸性岩带内形成一系列燕山期的大-中型钼(铜)多金属矿床,在纵向上(由浅至深)和横向上(从铜厂沟到休瓦促)具有相似的分带性,表现出成矿元素由中低温成矿元素Cu、Pb、Zn到高温成矿元素Mo、W的分带特征。根据矿床地质背景和岩石地球化学特征,讨论了成矿物质来源和矿床成因,建立了成矿模式,以期对今后区内的找矿勘查和成矿预测提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Geological development of Heard Island,Central Kerguelen Plateau     

R. A. Duncan  P. G. Quilty  J. Barling  J. M. Fox 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2016,63(1):81-89

We report ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar laser step-heating age determinations on 15 stratigraphically controlled lava flows and intrusive rocks from Heard Island, Central Kerguelen Plateau (Indian Ocean). The island history began with uplift of pelagic limestone intruded by 22 Ma gabbro sills. Subaerial and wave erosion levelled the early island, producing an unconformity onto which pillow lavas, tuffaceous sediments and shallow-water, fossiliferous marine siltstone (Drygalski Formation) were deposited, beginning in late Miocene time. Two volcanic systems then formed in the late Quaternary. Big Ben dominates the larger southeast part of the island, while Mount Dixon occupies the northwest Laurens Peninsula. Feeder dykes and the early lava flows in both systems are 400–200 ka. Lava flows with evolved compositions (trachytes, trachyandesites) erupted 100–20 ka. Well-preserved parasitic cones exposed at low elevations are 15–10 ka and younger. Mawson Peak, near the summit of Big Ben, has erupted lava flows as recently as 2007. Heard Island, and nearby active McDonald Island, are subaerial features of a larger Neogene volcanic region of Central Kerguelen Plateau that includes several large sea knolls and recently identified submarine fields of small cones. This broadly distributed volcanic activity is linked to incubation of plume material at the base of the nearly stationary overlying Central Kerguelen Plateau.  相似文献   

1971—2010年京津冀大城市热岛效应多时间尺度分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

刘伟东  尤焕苓  孙丹 《气象》2016,42(5):598-606

利用1971—2010年均一化的京津冀区域逐日气温数据与质量控制后的2011年自动站逐时气温数据,分析了北京、天津和石家庄热岛效应的多尺度时间变化特征。结果表明,三个城市平均、最高和最低气温的热岛效应呈非对称性特征,最强为最低气温的热岛效应,其次为平均气温的热岛效应,最弱为最高气温的热岛效应。北京平均气温的热岛效应最强,其次为天津,石家庄相对较弱,石家庄平均气温的热岛效应近40年呈显著上升趋势,每10年达0.13℃。石家庄最高气温的热岛效应最强,其次为北京,最小为天津,近40年北京最高气温的热岛效应呈缓慢上升趋势,每10年增加0.06℃,石家庄变化不明显,天津呈微弱下降趋势。最低气温的热岛在北京最强,其次为天津,最小为石家庄,近40年最低气温热岛效应天津呈明显上升趋势,每10年增加0.18℃,其次为石家庄,北京呈微弱下降趋势。三个城市的平均气温、最低气温的热岛效应季节变化通常表现为夏季较弱,冬季最强。三个城市最高气温的热岛效应季节变化差异较大,北京10月热岛效应最弱,其他月份变化不大;天津热岛效应6月最弱,在1或12月最强;石家庄4和5月热岛效应最强,10月热岛效应最弱。由2011年自动站数据得到的平均气温热岛效应与1971—2010年的40年平均得到的平均气温的热岛效应季节变化具有类似的规律。2011年自动站热岛效应在一天中表现为白天热岛强度较低,而夜间热岛强度较高。  相似文献   

风暴分类识别技术在人工防雹中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

方德贤  李红斌  董新宁  丁建芳  濮文耀 《气象》2016,42(9):1124-1134

利用新一代多普勒天气雷达资料,在风暴跟踪识别算法的基础上,发展了风暴分类技术,以提高人工防雹作业指挥的效率。首先以SCIT算法为基础,结合风暴的结构特征,综合利用雷达、探空资料,自动提取风暴结构特征指数;其次采用基于决策树模型的风暴自动分类技术,将风暴按强度分为雷雨云、单体风暴、多单体风暴和强风暴;最后根据风暴强度、高度和位置等属性,对有可能产生冰雹的单体,结合GIS,自动对下游方向或附近作业点进行预警或输出作业参数。通过对2006—2014年期间重庆、辽宁大连和河南三门峡三地发生的较为典型的31次冰雹天气过程、182站次冰雹样本的检验来看:该方法通过对风暴按强度、垂直结构等综合属性进行分类,能有效提高冰雹识别的命中率、降低空报率,其中强风暴的命中率能达到100%,空报率仅为11.4%。能有效提高人工防雹作业的自动化程度,对防雹作业的科学决策有着重要参考作用。  相似文献   

哈密地区空中水汽及增水潜力分析     

卓世新  李如琦  苗运玲  冯桂红 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2016,10(6):68-72

采用哈密地区6站1975—2014年逐日地面水汽压和降水量资料,计算了哈密各站的大气可降水量、有效空中水资源量、自然降水产出率和人工增水潜力值,并分析了各量的时空分布特征。结果表明:哈密地区年平均整层大气可降水量为2560~4327 mm,年均有效空中水资源量约为232~828 mm,占整层大气可降水量的1/4~1/10;年均自然降水产出率在9%~28%,自然降水产出率与降水量成正比关系。哈密地区的年人工增水潜力理论计算值在844~2399 mm之间,潜力值在夏季最大,巴里坤和伊吾明显多于其它区域。  相似文献   

利用双线偏振雷达分析人工防雹作业效果     

陈羿辰  张龙斌  金永利  马建立  嵇磊  秦睿 《气象科技》2016,44(3):479-488

以北京市平谷区2011年6月11日防雹作业为例,利用双线偏振雷达资料,选取与作业区条件十分接近的云块为对比区,根据回波移动方向和速度,跟踪分析在不同高度上防雹作业前后云体宏观结构特征和粒子相态等微物理变化过程。作业后云体所呈现特征为:1作业区的云顶高度、强回波中心高度迅速下降,对比区变化不明显;2作业区水平反射率Zh减小,差分反射率Zdr、零相关系数ρhv增大,单位差分传播相移Kdp小范围内波动,对比区Zh、Zdr、Kdp变化不明显;ρhv增大;3作业区对流减弱,高层较大冰雹粒子、大雨滴下沉明显,最终以霰粒子为主;而对比区域则对流仍然旺盛,冰雹粒子有增多趋势。以上特征表明防雹作业可有效抑制冰雹胚胎成长为冰雹的过程,通过偏振雷达观测参量可对防雹作业效果进行较好的验证。  相似文献   

一种四叉树和测地线活动轮廓模型相结合的海陆影像分割方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郭海涛  孙磊  申家双  陈小卫  张宏伟 《测绘学报》2016,45(1):65-72

海陆影像分割对于后续的海岸线提取、潮间带地形反演、海岸演化状况分析等都具有十分重要的意义。本文在分析了四叉树、测地线活动轮廓(GAC)模型和Canny边缘检测算子等在海陆影像分割中优缺点的基础上,提出了一种四叉树、Canny算子和GAC模型相结合的海陆影像分割方法。该方法综合利用上述各方法的优点,将Canny算子边缘检测结果融入到基于四叉树初分割的GAC模型中,重构边界停止函数,演化水平集方程,实现海陆影像分割。试验结果表明,该方法具有海陆影像分割速度快、精度高、可靠性强和自动化程度高等优点,对于弱边缘以及严重凹陷边缘,都能实现自动和准确分割。  相似文献